Africa Water Atlas – SUMMARY FOR DECISION MAKERS

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AFRICA
WATER ATLAS
SUMMARY FOR DECISION MAKERS

Africa Water Atlas—Table of Contents

Foreword …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….v

Preface and Statements …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vii

Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………x

SPECIAL FEATURE: Water “Hotspots” to “Hopespots”, and Water Towers of Africa …………………………………. 2

CHAPTER 1: WATER RESOURCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Water Availability ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

Water Distribution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

Surface and Groundwater Resources …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19

Water and the Physical Environment …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25

Water and Population ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28

Water and Poverty ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

Water and Gender ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

Water and Transport ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32

Water and Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33

CHAPTER 2: TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES ………………………………………………………………………………………..36

Transboundary Surface Water Basins …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38

Congo River Basin ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40

Juba Shabelle Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..44

Lake Chad Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

Lake Turkana Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….54

Limpopo River Basin…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….58

Niger River Basin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..60

Nile River Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70

Ogooue River Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..86

Okavango Delta Makgadikgadi Basin ………………………………………………………………………………………………..88

Orange River Basin ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….90

Senegal River Basin ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………92

Volta River Basin……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………98

Zambezi River Basin …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100

Transboundary Aquifers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 106

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109

The North-Western Sahara Aquifer System …………………………………………………………………………………… 115

Iullemeden-Irhazer Groundwater Basin …………………………………………………………………………………………. 116

The Kalahari Karoo Aquifer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 117

Tano Basin-Abidjan Aquifer ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119

CHAPTER 3: WATER CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ……………………………………………………………………………. 122

Provide Safe Drinking Water ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125

Ensure Access to Adequate Sanitation …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 129

Foster Cooperation in Transboundary Water Basins ………………………………………………………………………………. 133

Provide Water for Food Security ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 137

Develop Hydropower to Enhance Energy Security ……………………………………………………………………………….. 143

Meet Growing Water Demand ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151

Prevent Land Degradation and Water Pollution …………………………………………………………………………………….. 155

Manage Water under Global Climate Change ………………………………………………………………………………………… 161

Enhance Capacity to Address Water Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………….. 169

CHAPTER 4: WATER PROFILE OF COUNTRIES …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174

Tracking Progress Towards Environmental Sustainability …………………………………………………………………….. 175

Northern Africa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 187

Eastern Africa ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 201

Central Africa……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 219

Western Africa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 237

Southern Africa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 271

Western Indian Ocean Islands ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295

Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 308

Glossary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 309

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 311

Index ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 312